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The Taittirīya Upanishad is the seventh, eighth and ninth chapters of Taittirīya Āraṇyaka, which are also called, respectively, the Śikṣāvallī, the Ānandavallī and the Bhṛguvallī. It lists as number 7 in the Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads. The Taittirīya Upanishad is associated with the Taittirīya school of the Yajurveda, attributed to the pupils of sage Vaishampayana. It is a mukhya (primary, principal) Upanishad, and likely composed about 6th century BC. There is no Aranyaka which belongs to the Atharvaveda.The Taittirīya Upanishad ( Devanagari: तैत्तिरीय उपनिषद्) is a Vedic era Sanskrit text, embedded as three chapters ( adhyāya) of the Yajurveda. Today only seven Aranyakas are available. All this makes their study more significant. In the Aranyakas we find certain important geographical, historical, social and cultural points also. Brihadaranyaka found in the Shatapatha Brahmana, is the greatest of all Upanishads it is regarded the Brihadaranyaka-Upanishad also.Īranyakas play the role of the middle path and help to bridge the gulf between the Karma- kanda and Jnana-kanda. The oldest Upanishads are in part included in these texts Taittiriya Aranyaka is only a continuation of the Taittiriya Brahmana. Aranyakas are generally regarded as a link between the Brahmanas and the Upanishads. In this reference dialogue between Maitreyi and Yajnavalkya is often quoted. No nation, no country, no culture in this age of science has been able to produce such great truths related to the knowledge of the Self and the Almighty as are mentioned in this Aranyaka. The creation of the universe, the power of the Almighty, Om, the soul and the cycle of birth and death are explained in Brihadaranyaka in a simple manner. They describe the secret meaning of the sacrifice and the concept of Brahma as well.
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The major contents of the Aranyakas are theosophy ( Brahmavidya), meditation ( Upasana) and knowledge of breath ( Pranavidya). This name is mentioned in the Gopatha Brahmana and Manusmriti. These works form the basis of the Rahasya or secrets discussed in the Upanishads, therefore, another name of the Aranyakas was ‘ Rahasya‘ as well.
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Aranyakas describe the actions of life and also acquisition of knowledge. Or the reason might be that these texts were propounded by the Rishis who resided in the forests and thought upon the secrets of the Yajnas. Winternitz calls them as ‘’forest texts’’ to be studied by forest-hermits. The Brahmanas advocating the actual observances of the sacrifices are meant for Grihastha and the Aranyakas containing explanations of the rituals and allegorical speculations thereon are meant for Vanprasthas, who renounce family life residing in the forests for tapas and other religious activities. Having obtained purity, one must seek the solitude of forests for further concentration and meditation. But it has to be understood that Vedic rituals are intended to confer not only material benefits but also mental purity by constant discipline.
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Yajna and other rituals are prescribed only for those who live in homes and lead the life of house-holders. Sayana in the Taittiriya Aranyaka explains-Īranyadhyayanad-etad –aranyakam-itiryate. The Aranyaka texts are so-called because ‘they were works to be read in the forest’ in contradistinction to the regular Brahmanas, which were to be read in the village. The term Aranyaka is derived from the word ‘ Aranya‘ meaning ‘forest’. Whereas the Brahmanas deal with the huge bulk of sacrificial paraphernalia which represents Karma-Kanda, the Aranyakas and Upanishads, on the other hand, chiefly deal with the philosophical and theosophical speculations which represent Jnana-Kanda. Aranyaka literature is rather small as compared to the Brahmanas. They are partly included in the Brahmanas themselves, but partly they are recognized as independent works. Kerala School of Astronomy and MathematicsĪranyakas are generally the concluding portions of the several Brahmanas, but on account of their distinct character, contents and language deserve to be reckoned as a distinct category of literature.Continuity of oral and textual traditions of the Vedas.